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Deaf persons
What Are Deaf Persons’ HIV Prevention Needs?
Are deaf persons at risk for HIV?
Yes. It is estimated that 7,000 to 26,000 deaf persons in the US are infected with HIV.1 However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not currently collect information on deafness and HIV or AIDS. Maryland was the first state to include questions about deafness in its HIV counseling and testing forms. In Maryland, 4.3% of the deaf population is HIV+ (infected with HIV).2 There are about two million deaf Americans, and one out of every ten Americans has some hearing loss. The deaf have long struggled for equal access to medical and social services, and equality in jobs and education. In the US today, there is still very little information on HIV and deafness, few prevention or treatment services and scarce research.3
What are risk factors for HIV?
High rates of substance use exist among the deaf community. One in seven (1 in 7) deaf persons has a history of substance abuse, compared to one in ten (1 in 10) in the hearing population. Substance abuse can be a riskfactor for HIV by lowering inhibitions and impairing judgement, which can lead to unsafe sexual behaviors. Sharing injection equipment is also a risk for HIV transmission. There is very little HIV or sexuality education in schools for the deaf, especially for adolescents. Because of this, deaf persons have much less knowledge and awareness of HIV transmission, prevention and treatment. If deaf children don’t learn about HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, they won’t have the vocabulary necessary to talk about thse topics with each other. One study of students at schools for the deaf found that adolescents in 9-12 grade had extremely limited knowledge of AIDS. Students knew correct answers to only 8 of 35 basic questions asked about AIDS.4 Deaf men who have sex with men (MSM) may face discrimination from within the deaf community. For this reason, deaf MSM often conceal their identity and may engage in furtive, anonymous and high risk sexual behaviors. Many deaf MSM also seek out hearing MSM for relationships, which makes communication about safer sex practices difficult.3 Children with disabilities, including deaf children, have been found to be at greater risk for sexual abuse, both at residential schools and at home. One study of deaf and hearing children at a language institute found that 54% of the deaf boys reported abuse, compared to 10% of hearing boys. Deaf girls reported 50% rates of abuse, compared to 25% of hearing girls. Childhood sexual abuse is a strong indicator for risky sexualand substance use behavior and HIV infection as an adult.6
What are barriers to prevention?
For the majority of deaf persons in the US, American Sign Language (ASL) is their primary language, and English the second language. ASL is a complex language of signs and gestures with its own grammar and syntax. The only way to communicate in ASL is face to face. There are only sporadic materials on HIV/AIDS available in written, graphic ASL. Although some deaf persons can read written materials such as pamphlets used in HIV prevention, for deaf persons with limited English skills, they are ineffective.7 ASL communicates largely in concepts, so many English phrases and idioms don’t make sense to persons with limited language skills. For example, there is no word for AIDS in ASL, and HIV-positive cannot be interpreted in ASL because “positive” means something good. ASL interpreters for HIV/AIDS issues may require special training to be able to address openly and frankly complex issues of sexuality and drug use. The deaf community is very tight knit, which can offer strong support and strong condemnation at times. Confidentiality is very important in this community where news travels fast. Many deaf persons would rather go alone to an all-hearing HIV testing and counseling clinic and risk miscommunication and misunderstanding, than bring an interpreter or go to a deaf clinic and risk being recognized and losing confidentiality.8 Home test kits are no more confidential, as deaf persons must use an interpreter using a regular phone or call through a Relay Service agent to get test results.
What can help in prevention?
Better understanding of the strengths of the deaf community can help HIV prevention efforts. Because the deaf community is tight knit, there is a greater degree of physical and emotional intimacy. The visual nature of ASL requires addressing sexual and drug use issues openly and frankly. When these topics are brought up, deaf persons often have greater comfort discussing sexuality and drug use, which can help in understanding and negotiating safer behaviors.8 Deaf institutions must address issues that have traditionally been hidden or taboo in their community, such as alcohol and drug abuse, childhood sexual abuse and homophobia. In 1998, the National AIDS Hotline sent over a thousand letters to state schools for the deaf offering an educational program on AIDS for deaf or hard of hearing students. Only three schools responded to the program.7
What’s being done?
A program developed by Gallaudet University’s Mental Health Center provides HIV/AIDS training to mental health professionals who work with deaf persons. The training program provides visual tools to use with the deaf community, such as captioned videos, drawings, group activities and models of how HIV attaches to cells.9 In Paris, France, a mobile AIDS prevention unit (EMIPS in French) used a variety of programs to target deaf adolescents both in and out of deaf schools. A young deaf educator visited deaf schools and presented an intervention in sign language. The program created several visual images in public ads that dealt with false beliefs about HIV risk. The program also opened a walk-in HIV testing clinic with a doctor using sign language. However, the clinic was not widely used because it was too much identified with AIDS. When the program opened a sign language HIV test center in a general clinic, it was much more successful.10 The Minnesota Chemical Dependency Program for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Individuals provides treatment for alcohol and other drugs for deaf persons in the US and Canada. All staff members are specially trained in deafness and substance abuse, and they have developed therapeutic approaches without communication barriers. The program also provides training for students and professionals working with deaf persons. They have a resource center that disseminates materials and provides funding for interpreters to attend AA/NA meetings.11
What still needs to be done?
Comprehensive education and outreach are needed in the deaf community, not just around AIDS and HIV, but around the larger issues of sexual health and substance use. Schools for the deaf need to provide education about sexuality and substance use and provide counseling for children and adolescents who have experienced abuse. Programs for the deaf should address issues specific to the deaf community, such as negotiating safer sex with a hearing partner, advocating for health care services and breaking down barriers about sexual abuse and substance abuse among deaf persons. HIV prevention programs for deaf persons need to be as clear and as visual as possible. Programs should not be designed as presentations alone, but should incorporate physical activities, longer time for discussions, pictures, dolls, graphic manuals in ASL and captioned videos to make sure concepts are understood.12 To access deaf communities, rearchers and service providers should take advantage of advances in technology such as interactive video and the Internet.13 Although there has been effort to educate the deaf community on HIV/AIDS at all levels, there continue to be great discrepancies in getting crucial information out to the target population. The CDC and states need to add questions about disabilities when collecting HIV statistics in order to document the extent of the epidemic in the deaf population. More programs are needed to help increase knowledge and dispel myths about HIV transmission and risk behaviors of deaf persons. The few popular programs that exist need to be evaluated and replicated across the country.
Says who?
1. Friess S. Silence = Deaf . Poz Magazine. April 1998. p.60-63. 2. Personal communication. Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, State of Maryland. 1999. 3. Peinkoffer JR. HIV education for the deaf, a vulnerable minority . Public Health Reports. 1994;109:390-396. 4. Baker-Duncan N, Dancer J, Gentry B, et al. Deaf adolescents’ knowledge of AIDS. Grade and gender effects . American Annals of the Deaf. 1997;142:368-372. 5. Sullivan PM, Vernon M, Scanlan JH. Sexual abuse of deaf youth . American Annals of the Deaf. 1987;132:256-262. 6. Johnsen L, Harlow L. Childhood sexual abuse linked with adult substance use, victimization, and AIDS-risk . AIDS Education and Prevention. 1996;80:44-57. 7. Campbell D. AIDS and the deaf community. ADVANCE for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists. April 26, 1999; p.10-11. 8. Morrone JJ. Peer education and the deaf community. Journal of American College Health. 1993;41:264-266. 9. Sleek S. HIV/AIDS education efforts have missed deaf community. American Psychological Association Monitor. 1999. 10. Grivois L, Houette A. Outreach programs towards deaf people targeting prevention of AIDS. Presented at the 11th International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, Canada. June 1996. Abst. #MoD240. 11. Program celebrates ten years. Steps to Recovery. Published by the Minnesota Chemical Dependency Program for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Individuals. Spring/Summer 1999. 12. Gaskins S. Special population: HIV/AIDS among the deaf and hard of hearing. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 1999;10:75-78. 13. Lipton DS, Goldstein M, Wellington Fahnbulleh F, et al. The interactive video-questionnaire: a new technology for interviewing deaf persons . American Annals of the Deaf. 1999;141:370-378.
Resources:
AIDSinfo 1-888-480-3739 TTY Service American Social Health Association 1-202-777-2500 -TTY https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/
Prepared by Brian Determan* Natasha Kordus ** and Pamela DeCarlo*** *Montrose Clinic, Houston, TX, **California School for the Deaf, ***CAPS September 1999. Fact Sheet #36E
Reproduction of this text is encouraged; however, copies may not be sold, and the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies at the University of California San Franciso should be cited as the source of this information. For additional copies of this and other HIV Prevention Fact Sheets, please call the National Prevention Information Network at 800/458-5231. Comments and questions about this Fact Sheet may be e-mailed to [email protected]. © September 1999, University of California
Homeless persons
What are homeless persons’ HIV prevention needs?
revised 9/05
who are the homeless?
Homelessness is a growing problem in the US.1 It is estimated that on any given day there are more than 800,000 homeless individuals in the US, while over the course of a year there are 2.3 to 3.5 million individuals who experience a period of homelessness.2 In the 2004 Mayors’ report on homelessness 70% of cities surveyed registered an increase in the number of requests for emergency shelter during the preceding year.3 The US homeless population is typically divided into three major groups: single adults, members of homeless families and youth. It is estimated that single adults make up 54% of the population, families 40% and unaccompanied youth 5%.3
do homeless populations have a high prevalence of HIV infection?
People who are homeless have poorer health and higher mortality than the general population.4 The prevalence of HIV/AIDS varies widely among homeless subgroups, but generally exceeds that of the non-homeless population. The elevated prevalence of infection combined with limited access to treatment and poor living conditions have contributed to HIV/AIDS becoming a leading cause of death in this population.5 A study in San Francisco, CA, reported an overall HIV prevalence of 10.5% for currently homeless and marginally housed adults, which is five times higher than that of the general San Francisco population. The same study reported an HIV prevalence of 30% among homeless men who have sex with men (MSM) and 8% among homeless injection drug users (IDUs).6 The association between homelessness and HIV appears to be a two-way street. HIV+ persons are at greater risk of homelessness due to discrimination and the high costs of housing and medical care. At the same time, homeless people have an elevated risk of contracting HIV.
what puts a homeless person at risk?
Homeless persons are in transient living situations, typically in impoverished communities with high HIV prevalence. Thus, risky behaviors they may engage in are more likely to result in infection. Homeless persons are also more likely to evidence drug, alcohol, and mental disorders than the general population. By one estimate in 2000, 88% of homeless single men and 69% of homeless single women had one of these three disorders.7 Overall, almost one-fourth of the single adult homeless population suffers from severe and persistent mental illness.2 The impulsivity and impaired judgment often associated with severe mental illness or substance abuse contribute to risky behaviors such as unprotected sex, multiple partners, sharing needles or exchanging sex for drugs. The conditions of homelessness and extreme poverty also contribute to risky behaviors. For example, most homeless shelters provide communal sleeping and bathing, are single sex, and offer limited privacy. Under these restrictions, it is more difficult to have stable sexual relationships. Other characteristics that are common among homeless persons and associated with HIV risk behaviors include: adverse childhood experiences such as physical and sexual abuse,2,8 sexual assault, partner violence and other traumatic histories and poor social support.9
what are barriers to prevention?
A common misconception is that the greatest barrier to delivering prevention services to homeless persons is finding them. The reality, however, is that homeless people are often visible by living or working in the streets or readily accessible in shelters. Forming trusting relationships, making consistent contact over time, and working through already existing social networks can help find and retain homeless persons for follow-up and services. In one HIV testing program for homeless persons with severe mental illness, 90% of those tested returned to receive their results.10 Institutional barriers and settings can restrict HIV prevention activities. Staffing at shelters is often only adequate to provide basic needs, and shelters may be reluctant to allow outside HIV prevention programs to talk explicitly about sex and drugs or to distribute condoms because those activities are forbidden in most shelters. A lack of private space for counseling and education around sensitive topics can also be a barrier.
what’s being done?
The quantity and quality of services available to homeless individuals varies greatly across the nation. Historically, services have concentrated on serving single male clients and few have formed coordinated networks of care to facilitate comprehensive on-going services.2 Here we provide just a few examples of effective interventions designed specifically to serve homeless individuals at risk for or living with HIV. Sex, Games and Videotapes is a program for homeless mentally ill men in a New York City, NY shelter that is built around activities central to shelter life: competitive games, storytelling and watching videos. For many men sex is conducted in public spaces, revolves around drug use, and must be done quickly. The program allows for sex issues to be brought up in a nonjudgmental way. One component is a competition to see who can put a condom (without tearing it) on a banana fastest–this teaches important skills for using a condom quickly. The program reduced sexual risk behavior threefold.11 Boston HAPPENS provides health education, case management, basic medical care, HIV testing, counseling and mental health care for HIV+, at-risk youth, many of whom are homeless. Boston HAPPENS’ collaborators run drop-in services and storefront clinics in places where young people hang out. Through persistent outreach and individualized case management, HAPPENS retains homeless at-risk youth in care.12 Providing homeless individuals with housing and cash benefits has been shown to reduce risk taking behaviors such as unprotected sex, drug use and needle sharing.13,14 Housing Works is an AIDS service organization that specializes in providing comprehensive care to HIV+ homeless persons in New York City. Their services include housing, healthcare, job training and placement, as well as a variety of other advocacy services for homeless HIV+ persons.15
what needs to be done?
There is an ongoing need to deliver effective prevention activities in culturally appropriate service settings that homeless persons use, such as soup kitchens, shelters, residential hotels and clinics. Staff of these organizations should be trained in HIV prevention education methods that recognize specific risk factors related to homelessness, employ realistic expectations for change and give homeless people concrete goals that they can accomplish. Coordinated care networks need to be developed so that staff can link individuals quickly and easily to the services they need.16 Group interventions that have worked in certain settings need to be broadly disseminated and adapted for use in other locations. Efforts to prevent HIV transmission among homeless persons will flounder without a concerted effort to better address their survival needs including long term housing, jobs, income, adequate nutrition, substance abuse treatment, and regular medical and mental health services. Unfortunately, despite the announcement of new initiatives to help the homeless,1 recent trends in government support in these areas are discouraging and the growing federal budget deficit does not bode well for increases in the near future. As one of the most vulnerable populations in our society, homeless persons need support, respect, protection and continued prevention efforts. Prepared by Naomi Adler BA*, Dan Herman Phd**, Ezra Susser MD DrPh*** *CAPS, **NY State Psychiatric Inst., *** Columbia U Mailman School of Public Health
Says who?
1. Burt M, Laudan Y, Lee E, et al. Helping America’s homeless: emergency shelter or affordable housing? Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press. 2001. 2. U.S. Conference of Mayors. A status report on hunger and homelessness inAmerica’s cities: https://endhomelessness.atavist.com/mayorsreport2016 ) 3. Burt, MR, Laudan, AY, Douglas T, et. al. 1999 Homelessness: Programs and the People They Serve – Summary Report. Washington, DC: DHUD/DHHS.https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/66286/310291-Homelessness-Programs-and-the-People-They-Serve-Findings-of-the-National-Survey-of-Homeless-Assistance-Providers-and-Clients.PDF) 4. Cheung AM, Hwang SW. Risk of death among homeless women: a cohort study and review of the literature. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2004;170:1243. 5. Robertson MJ, Clark RA, Charlebois ED, et al. HIV seroprevalence among homeless and marginally housed adults in San Francisco. American Journal of Public Health. 2004;94:1207-1217. 6. North CS, Eyrich KM, Pollio DE, et al. Are rates of psychiatric disorders in the homeless population changing? American Journal of Public Health. 2004;94:103-108. 7. Herman DB, Susser ES, Struening EL, et al. Adverse childhood experiences: are they risk factors for adult homelessness? American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87:249-255. 8. Zlotnick C, Tam T, Robertson MJ. Adverse childhood events, substance abuse, and measures of affiliation. Addiction and Behavior. 2004;29:1177-1181. 9. Desai MM, Rosenheck RA. HIV testing and receipt of test results among homeless persons with severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161:2287-2294. 10. Susser E, Valencia E, Berkman A, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus sexual risk reduction in homeless men with mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998;55:266-272. 11. Harris SK, Samples CL, Keenan PM, et al. Outreach, mental health, and case management services: can they help to retain HIV-positive and at-risk youth and young adults in care? Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2003;7:205-218. 12. Aidala A, Cross JE, Stall R, Harre D, et. al. Housing status and HIV risk behaviors: implications for prevention and policy. AIDS and Behavior. 2005;9:1-15. 13. Riley ED, Moss AR, Clark RA, et. al. Cash benefits are associated with lower risk behavior among the homeless and marginally housed in San Francisco. Journal of Urban Health. 2005;82:142-150. 14. Housing Works www.housingworks.org (Accessed 4/20/06) 15. Woods ER, Samples CL, Melchiono MW, et. al. Initiation of services in the Boston HAPPENS Program: human immunodeficiency virus-positive, homeless, and at-risk youth can access services. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2002;16:497-510.
September 2005. Fact Sheet #16ER Special thanks to the following reviewers of this Fact Sheet: Martha Burt, Carol Caton, Travis Emery, Lillian Gelberg, Sion Harris, Daniel Kidder, Steven Metraux, Carol North, Thomas Painter, Jamie Van Leeuwen, Harris Sion, Suzanne Wenzel, Elizabeth Woods, Cheryl Zlotnick.
Reproduction of this text is encouraged; however, copies may not be sold, and the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies at the University of California San Franciso should be cited as the source of this information. For additional copies of this and other HIV Prevention Fact Sheets, please call the National Prevention Information Network at 800/458-5231. Comments and questions about this Fact Sheet may be e-mailed to [email protected]. ©Sepetmber 2005, University of California
Sex Workers
are sex workers at risk for HIV?
Sex workers in the US may be at risk for HIV depending on the conditions of their workplace. Male, female and transgender sex workers who are most vulnerable to HIV are street-based workers, most of whom are poor or homeless, and likely to have had a history of sexual or physical abuse.1 Street-based sex workers are also commonly dependent on drugs or alcohol, and at a greater risk for violence from clients and police.2 Sex work off the street (in brothels, massage parlors, private homes or escort services) is less likely to result in HIV infection for the workers because they may exercise greater control over their working conditions and sexual transactions, including condom use. Little research has been done on rates of HIV infection among street-based sex workers across the US. In one study of drug-using female sex workers in Miami, FL, 22.4% of the women tested HIV+.3 In a study of male sex workers in Houston, TX, 26% reported testing HIV+.4what places sex workers at risk?
Sex workers who are injection drug users (IDUs) are more likely to be HIV+ than those who do not inject drugs.2 Injection risks include sharing needles and injection equipment and being injected by someone else. IDU and other substance use (crack cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol) can also impact sexual risks by compromising safe sexual behavior and communication.5 Persons who use crack cocaine are more likely to enter sex work and have large numbers of partners.6 The decision and ability to use condoms is a complex one that depends on many factors.7,8 Negotiating safer sex can be affected by money, if business is slow or clients offer more money for unprotected sex. Clients may use violence to enforce unsafe sex. Sex workers may use drugs before or with clients, which affects decision making and ability to use condoms. Sex workers may also be targeted by police if they are carrying condoms.5 In addition, sex workers, like many people, may choose not to use condoms with their boyfriends/girlfriends/spouses. Sex workers have elevated rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV.1 One study of female, male and transgender sex workers in San Francisco, CA, reported high rates of gonorrhoea (12.4%), chlamydia (6.8%), syphilis (1.8%) and herpes (34.3%).9 Active STDs increase the likelihood of acquiring HIV. Genital trauma caused by frequent or forced intercourse also increases HIV risk.1 Violence, and the trauma associated with it, is a concern for many sex workers. Violence can include physical, sexual and verbal abuse that sex workers experienced as children, and as adults from their clients and intimate partners. It can also include the violence many street-based sex workers witness daily. This history of violence leaves many sex workers with emotional trauma, and many may turn to drug use to deal with the harsh realities of their daily lives.10what are barriers to prevention?
The illegality of sex work in the US drives the industry underground and leads to a strong distrust of both police and public health authorities among sex workers. To avoid arrest, street-based sex workers are often forced to change how they work to avoid police.11 For example, sex workers may take less time to negotiate sexual transactions prior to getting into a client’s car, and may even agree to engage in riskier sexual activities. Conducting HIV prevention outreach or education in this environment can be difficult. Desperation and poverty can often override HIV prevention concerns. Drug-addicted persons may turn to prostitution to earn money to pay for the high cost of illegal drugs. Transgender persons may use sex work to make money for hormones or surgery. Many homeless youth have no training or means of support, and rely on prostitution for survival. Attention to the more immediate concerns of food, housing, and addiction often takes priority over concerns of HIV infection.12what is being done?
JEWEL (Jewelry Education for Women Empowering their Lives), was an economic empowerment and HIV prevention project for drug-using women involved in prostitution in Baltimore, MD. The JEWEL intervention used six 2-hour sessions that taught HIV prevention and the making, marketing and selling of jewelry. Women participants significantly reduced trading drugs or money for sex, the number of sex trade partners, and drug use, including daily crack use.13 The Health Project for Asian Women (HPAW) addressed Asian female sex workers at massage parlors in San Francisco, CA, with two interventions: Massage Parlor Owner Education Program and Health Educator Masseuse Counseling Program. HPAW staff escorted masseuses to health clinics, handed out safer sex kits and provided translation, referrals and advocacy services. Masseuses participated in a 3-session counseling intervention and massage parlor owners received an education session.14 A brief intervention for male sex workers in Houston, TX, consisted of two 1-hour sessions held a week apart. Almost two-thirds (63%) of the men who began the intervention completed it, and those that completed the intervention increased their condom use during paid anal sex.15 Breaking Free in St Paul, MN, helps primarily African American girls and women leave sex work. The program helps women in crisis stabilize, then begin an intense program of counseling and education to address the traumas associated with sex work. Breaking Free offers transitional and permanent housing, as well as an internship program to help women who may have never held a real job become employable.16 The St. James Infirmary in San Francisco, CA, a peer-based clinic for sex workers by sex workers, provides male, female and transgender sex workers with free medical services. They also offer HIV/STD screening and treatment, transgender health, harm reduction and peer counseling, psychiatric services, acupuncture, massage, support groups, food, clothing, and needle exchange. Staff conducts street and venue-based outreach to distribute safer sex supplies and offers HIV testing.9what still needs to be done?
In the US over the past decade, there has been very little research conducted on HIV/AIDS in the sex worker population. Furthermore, past research focused largely on the role of sex workers as vectors of HIV/STDs for the general public. To prevent HIV among sex workers, it is essential not only to increase overall research efforts in this population, but to also acknowledge the greater context in which sex work is transacted, as well as the specific practice of sex workers. Researchers, public health and law enforcement officials need to hear from sex workers what they need to keep themselves safe, and work together to achieve those goals. Laws and police attitudes towards carrying condoms must be eased to allow sex workers to protect themselves. Violence against sex workers by clients, police, and other neighborhood community members must be criminalized, while sex workers should be encouraged and supported to report violent incidents. Street-based sex workers face a multitude of needs, from immediate concerns of housing, food and medical attention, to longer-range concerns such as mental health services, substance abuse treatment, violence prevention, job training and employment, HIV/STD prevention, quality health care, improved relationships with law enforcement and help leaving sex work. Increased funding and awareness is needed for public health programs that address this full range of issues sex workers face. PREPARED BY ROSHAN RAHNAMA, CAPSWhat are transgender women’s HIV prevention needs?
Personas mayores de 50
¿Qué necesitan las personas mayores de 50 en la prevención del VIH?
¿están a riesgo las personas mayores?
Sí. En los EEUU más del 10% de todos los nuevos casos de SIDA ocurren entre personas mayores de 50 años.1 En los últimos años, los nuevos casos de SIDA aumentaron más rápido entre personas de edad mediana y mayores que en personas menores de 40.2 Si bien es cierto que muchas de estas personas con SIDA quedaron infectadas con el VIH a una edad más temprana, muchos se infectaron después de los 50. Es difícil determinar los índices de infección con VIH entre personas mayores, ya que son pocas las personas mayores de 50 a riesgo de contraer el VIH que se hacen la prueba de detección rutinariamente.3 A la mayoría de las personas mayores se les diagnostica el VIH a un estado muy avanzado de la enfermedad-cuando andan en búsqueda de algún tratamiento a causa de las enfermedades ocasionadas por el VIH.1 Los casos de SIDA en personas mayores pueden no estar siendo reportados ya que los síntomas y las infecciones del VIH pueden coincidir con otras enfermedades relacionadas con la edad por lo tanto pasa desapercibida. La demencia ocasionada por el SIDA es muchas veces diagnosticada como el mal de Alzheimer, y los primeros síntomas del VIH coma la fatiga y la pérdida de peso pueden estar siendo interpretadas como el proceso natural del envejecimiento.4 Las personas mayores con SIDA se enferman y mueren más rápido que las más jóvenes. Esto se debe al diagnóstico tardío del SIDA y a la combinación de infecciones y otras enfermedades que posiblemente aceleran la progresión del SIDA. Además, las nuevas medicinas para tratar el VIH pueden interferir con el tratamiento médico de enfermedades crónicas previas.
¿qué los pone a riesgo?
Una de las falsas creencias más comunes en los EEUU es que las personas mayores ni tienen sexo ni usan drogas. Muy pocas campañas de prevención son dirigidas a personas mayores, y en la mayoría de los anuncios con mensajes educativos no aparecen personas mayores, lo cual les convierte en una población a riesgo e invisible.6 Esto ocasiona que las personas mayores estén generalmente menos informadas sobre el VIH que los más jóvenes y menos conscientes de como protegerse a si mismos de la infección. Esto es más real entre personas mayores usuarios de drogas inyectadas, los cuales componen el 16% de los casos de SIDA en mayores de 50 años. El mayor grupo de casos de SIDA entre personas mayores de 50 ocurre en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. Los hombres gay/homosexuales mayores tienden a ser un grupo invisible dentro de esta comunidad y en los esfuerzos de prevención. Dentro de los factores que presentan los gay/ homosexuales mayores están: la arraigada homofobia, la negación del riesgo, el uso del alcohol y otras drogas, y los encuentros sexuales anónimos. 7 Las mujeres componen un mayor porcentaje de casos de SIDA a medida que aumenta la edad. A pesar de que solo el 6,1% de los casos de SIDA ocurre en mujeres de 50 a 59 años, el porcentaje se eleva a 13,2% en las de 60 a 69 años y a 28,7% en las mayores de 65 años de edad.8 Los cambios normales que aparecen con la edad tales como la falta de lubricación vaginal y el desgaste de las paredes vaginales pueden estar poniendo a mayor riesgo de infección con VIH a las mujeres mayores durante las relaciones sexuales.9
¿cuáles son las barreras en la prevención?
Pocos norteamericanos mayores de 50 a riesgo de contraer el VIH usan condones o se hacen la prueba de detección del VIH. En una encuesta a nivel nacional, de las personas mayores a riesgo de infectarse con VIH, un sexto estaba tan propenso a usar condones y un quinto a hacerse la prueba del VIH, que las personas de 20 a 30 años a riesgo de infección.3 Se desconocen los factores que influyen en el uso del condón en personas mayores. Pocas veces doctores y enfermeras consideran al VIH un riesgo entre pacientes mayores. Un estudio hecho a doctores, reveló que la gran mayoría de estos “raras veces” o “nunca” hacían preguntas sobre VIH/SIDA o discutían el tema de la reducción del riesgo con pacientes mayores de 50. Los doctores estuvieron mucho más propensos a “raras veces” o “nunca” preguntar a sus pacientes mayores de 50 sobre el factor de riesgo con relación al VIH (40%) que a pacientes menores de 30 (6.8%).10
¿en qué se diferencian?
Es necesario tomar en cuenta el aspecto cultural y generacional al diseñar campañas de prevención. A las personas mayores les puede resultar muy incómodo revelar a otros información sobre su comportamiento sexual o su uso de drogas. Esto puede interferir con la participación de personas mayores en grupos de apoyo.11 Además, las personas mayores pueden creer que el condón ni es importante ni necesario, especialmente si la mujer ya pasó la etapa de la menopausia cuando ya no hay necesidad de protegerse para evitar un embarazo. Es posible que a estas personas les queden pocos amigos y que el círculo social que pudiera ofrecerles apoyo y cuidados sea reducido. Adicionalmente, es muy probable que ellos estén cuidando a otras personas, ya que cerca de un tercio de los pacientes con SIDA dependen de un familiar mayor para que les ayude en el aspecto económico, emocional y físico.12
¿qué se está haciendo?
El “Senior HIV Intervention Project (SHIP)” o “proyecto de intervención de VIH para mayores” en los condados de Dade, Broward y Palm Beach de la Florida capacita a personas mayores para hacer presentaciones de tipo educativo y conducir seminarios sobre sexo seguro en comunidades de jubilados. Estos educadores a su vez se reúnen con profesionales de la salud y trabajadores al servicio de personas mayores para informarles sobre el riesgo que este grupo encierra en cuanto al VIH.13 En seis centros para el cuidado de personas mayores de Chicago, Illinois, un programa utilizó “círculos de estudio”, los cuales fueron dirigidos por miembros del mismo grupo con el fin de alertar y aumentar el conocimiento sobre VIH entre los participantes. Los participantes presenciarion el video “The Forgotten Tenth” o “el 10% restante” e investigaron por cuenta propia como afecta el VIH en sus vidas: física política y economicamente. Luego compartieron lo aprendido en las reuniones subsecuentes. Al concluir el programa muchos de los participantes se convirtieron en educadores de SIDA.14 En la Florida se llevó a cabo un programma educativo sobre VIH en varios comedores para mayores. Basado en el “Modelo de Creencia de Salud”, el programa incluyó información básica y estadísticas sobre el VIH, instrucción sobre el uso del condón, información sobre las pruebas de detección, y el estudio de algunos casos de personas mayores con SIDA. Al final de esta sesión, los participantes reportaron un aumento en su conocimiento del SIDA y la susceptibilidad que estos perciben con respecto al VIH.15
¿qué queda por hacer?
Ha existido una falta notable de interés por las personas mayores de 50 en los esfuerzos de prevención. Es necesario crear programas de prevención exclusivos para gente mayor. Los medios de comunicación y los carteles de anuncios necesitan contener temas e imágenes que se identifiquen con las personas mayores de 50 y promover a su vez la prueba de detección del VIH rutinariamente en personas mayores que viven a riesgo de infección. Es necesario investigar más a fondo el comportamiento de estas personas en relación al sexo y al uso de drogas, la progresión de la enfermedad y los tratamientos, y reclutar a personas mayores VIH+ para los estudios clínicos. El personal clínico y los proveedores de servicio para personas mayores, incluyendo a los cuidantes y el personal de asilo de ancianos, deben recibir educación sobre los comportamientos de riesgo y los síntomas del VIH en personas mayores. El personal clínico además, debe asesorar el riesgo y el uso de drogas más cuidadosamente en pacientes mayores de 50 y no asumir que los pacientes no participan en este tipo de actividades o que no hablan de ello. Las personas mayores carecen del apoyo y la educación que les permitiría asegurarse una vida tan satisfactoria como la que tenían antes de pasar los 50 años. Un programa de prevención completo, utiliza muchos elementos para proteger del VIH a la mayor cantidad de gente posible. Los adultos mayores de 50 consituyen un grupo especial que debería recibir mensajes preventivos tanto por el riesgo ocasionado por las conductas de riesgo como por el papel de liderazgo y de maestros que estos desempeñan para futuras generaciones.
¿quién lo dice?
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report . 1996;8:15. 2. HIV, AIDS, and older adults . Fact sheet prepared by the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. 3. Stall R, Catania J. AIDS risk behaviors among late middle-aged and elderly Americans. The National AIDS Behavioral Surveys . Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994;154:57-63. 4. Whipple B, Scura KW. The overlooked epidemic: HIV in older adults . American Journal of Nursing. 1996;96:22-28. 5. Skiest DJ, Rubinstien E, Carley N, et al. The importance of comorbidity in HIV-infected patients over 55: a retrospective case-control study . American Journal of Medicine. 1996;101:605-611. 6. Feldman MD. Sex, AIDS, and the elderly . Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994;154:19-20. 7. Grossman AH. At risk, infected, and invisible: older gay men and HIV/AIDS . Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 1995;6:13-19. 8. Ship JA, Wolff A, Selik RM. Epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in persons aged 50 years or older . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 1991;4:84-88. 9. Catania JA, Turner H, Kegeles SM, et al. Older Americans and AIDS: transmission risks and primary prevention research needs . Gerontologist. 1989;29:373-381. 10. Skiest DJ, Keiser P. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients older than 50 years. A survey of primary care physicians’ beliefs, practices, and knowledge . Archives of Family Medicine. 1997;6:289-294. 11. Nokes K, ed. HIV/AIDS and the older adult . Washington DC: Taylor & Francis;1996. 12. Ory MG, Zablotsky D. Notes for the future: research, prevention, care, public policy. In MW Riley, MG Ory, D Zablotsky, eds. AIDS In an Aging Society. New York, NY: Springer Publishing; 1989. 13. Senior HIV Intervention Project (SHIP). Contact: Lisa Agate (954) 467-4774. 14. Dill D, Huston W. AIDS education for older adults. Healthpro UIC. 1996;Fall:18-19. Contact: Rita Strombeck, HealthCare Education Associates (760) 323-4032. 15. Rose MA. Effect of an AIDS education program for older adults . Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1996;13:141-148. Contact: Molly Rose (215) 503-7567. Recursos: NY HIV Over 50 Task Force, Brookdale Center on Aging, Hunter College, 425 E 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, (212) 481-7594. Contact: Kathy Nokes,[email protected] American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), Social Outreach and Support (SOS), 601 E Street, NW, Washington, DC 20049, (202) 434-2260,http://www.aarp.org National Association on HIV Over Fifty (NAHOF), Midwest AIDS Training & Education Center, University of Illinois, 808 S. Wood Street m/c 779, Chicago. IL 60612, (312) 996-1426, [email protected] National Institute on Aging, https://www.ioaging.org/
Preparado por Pamela DeCarlo*, Nathan Linsk, PhD**, Traducción Romy Benard-Rodríguez* *CAPS, **National Association on HIV Over 50, Midwest AIDS Training & Education Center Abril 1998. Hoja Informativa 29S.